Mountains Art and Music House Mountain Hupa Cedar House
 A Hupa man by Edward South. Curtis, c. 1923 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 3139 enrolled (2013)[one] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Usa (  California) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Hupa | |
| Faith | |
| Hupa traditional beliefs, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chilula and Whilkut[2] |
A Hupa white deerskin dance by A.W. Ericson
Hupa (Yurok language term: Huep'oola' / Huep'oolaa = "Hupa people"[three]) are a Native American people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group in northwestern California. Their endonym is Natinixwe, also spelled Natinook-wa, meaning "People of the Place Where the Trails Return".[2] The Karuk proper noun was Kishákeevar / Kishakeevra ("Hupa (Trinity River) People", from kishákeevar-sav = "Hupa River, i.e. Trinity River").[iii] The majority of the tribe is enrolled in the Federally recognized Hoopa Valley Tribe.
History [edit]
Hupa people migrated from the north into northern California effectually thousand CE[2] and settled in Hoopa Valley, California (Hupa: Natinook). Their heritage language is Hupa, which is a member of the Athabaskan linguistic communication family. Their country stretched from the South Fork of the Trinity River to Hoopa Valley, to the Klamath River in California. Their ruby-red cedar-planked houses, dugout canoes, handbasket hats, and many elements of their oral literature identify them with their northern origin; all the same, some of their community, such as the use of a sweat firm for ceremonies and the manufacture of acorn bread, were adopted from surrounding indigenous peoples of California. Shut associated peoples - both by language and custom - were/are the Tsnungwe (South Fork Hupa), the Chilula (Lower Redwood Creek Hupa) and Whilkut (Redwood Creek Hupa).
Hupa people had limited contact with non-native peoples until the 1849 Gold Rush brought an influx of miners onto their lands.[2] In 1864, the Us regime signed a treaty that recognized the Hupa tribe's sovereignty to their land. The U.s. called the reservation the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation (located at 41°05′57″N 123°forty′21″W / 41.09917°N 123.67250°W / 41.09917; -123.67250 ), where Hupa people now reside, one of very few California tribes not forced from their homeland. The reservation is side by side to the territory of the Yurok at the connexion of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers in northeastern Humboldt Canton. The reservation has a land expanse of 141.087 square miles (365.41 kmii).
Culture [edit]
Arts [edit]
Hupa people accept been excelling at basketry and elk horn carving since the 17th century, petroglyphs.[4]
Ethnobotany [edit]
Traditionally, Hupa people accept used the acorns of Notholithocarpus densiflorus to make meal, from which they would brand mush, bread, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. They also roast the acorns and swallow them.[v] They also use the dyed fronds of Woodwardia radicans for basketry.[6] They too use Xerophyllum tenax to create a border pattern in baskets.[7]
Angling [edit]
Hupa, like many tribes in the area, fish for salmon in the Klamath and Trinity rivers. One of the methods they once used to capture fish was the fish weir, which tribal members would maintain. Hupa share all of their line-fishing practices with the neighboring Yurok Tribe.[8] Hupa tribal fishers and their families rely on the Bound and Autumn Chinook Salmon runs. Acorns, one time abundant, were a main staple until they grew scarce. Because Hupa were not located as shut to the body of water as their neighboring Yurok Tribe, they traded supplies with them, such equally table salt in exchange for baskets, or acorns for canoes.[ix]
Hupa are involved in the talks to remove hydroelectric dams forth the Klamath and Trinity rivers, and were a party to a lawsuit against the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Marine Fisheries Service. On February 8, 2017 the federal district court judge ruled in favor of the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the three other Klamath River fishing tribes, and other stakeholders. The estimate agreed to plans designed past the Tribes' scientists to reduce outbreaks of a deadly fish disease that had infected 90% of juvenile salmon in 2014 and 2015.[10]
Population [edit]
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber idea that the 1770 population of Hupa was 1,000 and that Chilula and Whilkut accounted for some other 1,000. Kroeber estimated the population of Hupa in 1910 as 500.[11] In 1943, Sherburne F. Cook proposed an ancient population of 1,000 for Hupa and 600 for Chilula.[12] He subsequently suggested a population for Hupa alone of 2,900.[13] William J. Wallace felt that the latter estimate was "much too loftier", and allowed 1,000 for Hupa, 500–600 for Chilula, and 500 for Whilkut.[xiv] The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation has a resident population of 2,633 persons according to the 2000 census.
Reservations [edit]
Location of Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation
Hupa descendants have since been incorporated mainly into the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation and some other tribes:
- Hoopa Valley Tribe[fifteen] (Hoopa, Humboldt County, Population 2013: 3,139) (Hupa, Tsnungwe, Chimalakwe, Chilula, Whilkut)
- Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria[16] (Trinidad, Humboldt County, Population 2011: 154) (Yurok, Wiyot, Tolowa sowie Chetco, Hupa und Karuk)
- Blueish Lake Rancheria[17] (Blue Lake, Humboldt County, Population 2010: 58) (Wiyot, Yurok, Hupa, Whilkut)
See besides [edit]
- Hoopa, California—the name for the town (Unincorporated community) in the Hupa Valley. The name was changed at various times related to the post part.
References [edit]
- ^ "TWO RIVERS TRIBUNE ~ ONLINE - Hoopa Tribe Enrolls 22 New Members". world wide web.tworiverstribune.com. Archived from the original on xiii September 2017. Retrieved six May 2018.
- ^ a b c d Pritzker 2000, p. 126.
- ^ a b "Ararahih'urípih". Linguistics. 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2021-01-25 .
- ^ Pritzker 2000, p. 127.
- ^ Merriam 1966, p. 200.
- ^ Murphey 1990, p. 4.
- ^ Murphey 1990, p. 2.
- ^ "On the H2o - Fishing for a Living, 1840-1920: The Salmon Coast". americanhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-02-25 .
- ^ "California Indians". factcards.califa.org. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2016-05-05 .
- ^ "Hoopa Valley Tribe Wins Court Case to Protect Salmon". Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28 .
- ^ Kroeber 1925, pp. 883.
- ^ Cook 1976, pp. 170.
- ^ Cook 1956, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Wallace 1978, p. 176.
- ^ "The Hoopa Valley Tribe's Official Website". Hoopa Valley Tribe.
- ^ "Trinidad Rancheria – Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow".
- ^ "Home".
Sources [edit]
- Cook, Sherburne F. (1956). The Ancient Population of the Due north Declension of California. Anthropological Records. Vol. 16. Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley. pp. 81–130.
- Cook, Sherburne F. (1976). The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization . Berkeley: Academy of California Press.
- Goddard, Pliny Earle (1903). Life and Culture of the Hupa. University of California Publications in American Archæology and Ethnology. Vol. one. The University Press. pp. 1–88. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- Kroeber, A. L. (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. Washington, D.C.
- Merriam, C. Hart (1966). Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. Berkeley, California: University of California Archaeological Research Facility. p. 200.
- Murphey, Edith Van Allen (1990) [1959]. Indian Uses of Native Plants. Glenwood, Illinois: Meyerbooks.
- Pritzker, Barry G. (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples . Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-513877-ane.
- Wallace, William J. (1978). Heizer, Robert F.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.). Hupa, Chilula, and Whilkut. In California . Handbook of Due north American Indians. Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 91–98.
Bibliographies [edit]
- Hupa Bibliography, from California Indian Library Collections Project
External links [edit]
-
Media related to Hupa at Wikimedia Commons - Official website
- San Francisco State Academy - Hupa
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